Effects of Roadside Disturbance on Substrate and Vegetation Properties in Arctic Tundra

Tundra adjacent to the gravel Dalton Highway in northern Alaska was examined for effects of 15 yr of chronic road and road dust disturbance. Road effects at a nonacidic site (soil pH 2 5.0) and an acidic site (soil pH < 5.0) were compared to examine differential susceptibility. Overall, effects on vegetation were more pronounced in acidic tundra. Initial substrate pH appears to control the degree of response to disturbance by road and calcareous road dust. Soil at the acidic site is normally pH 4.0, whereas in the disturbed area next to the road soil pH was as high as 7.3 + 0.07 (at 2 m from the road edge). Soils next to the road had lower nutrient levels, altered organic horizon depth, higher bulk density, and lower moisture. Effects on snowpack include both increased drifting in the lee of the road and earlier meltout near the road due to dust-induced change in albedo. Permafrost thaw was deeper next to the road at both sites, and potentially could affect road structure detrimentally. Vegetation biomass of most taxa was reduced near the road at both sites. Total aboveground biomass of nonacidic tundra ranged from 330.0 ? 34.72 g/m2 (mean + 1 SE) at 2 m from the road to 690.7 ? 94.52 g/m2 at 100 m away from the road. Total biomass of acidic tundra ranged from 150.5 + 16.60 g/m2 at 5 m from the road to 743.1 ? 168.98 g/m2 at 100 m from the road. Species richness in acidic tundra next to the road was less than half of that at 100 m away from the road. Community composition was altered most noticeably in acidic tundra. The moss Tomentypnum nitens, dominant in nonacidic arctic tussock tundra, was nearly equally abundant at all distances from the road at the nonacidic tundra site, whereas Sphagnum mosses, dominant in acidic low arctic tussock tundra, were virtually eliminated near the road at the acidic tundra site. Salix lanata was more abundant next to the road at the nonacidic site. Ordinations indicate that variation in vegetation cover is explained by distance from the road. Knowledge of differential effects of road construction and use, including the long-term effects of hydrological alterations and dust mobilization on local corridors, is key information for planning development in areas of arctic tundra. Planned placement of roads in the future should consider the impact of such changes to sensitive (acidic) tundra areas in the Arctic.